Layer farming involves raising chickens specifically for egg production. These chickens, known for their high egg yield and efficient feed conversion, start laying eggs commercially at about 18 to 19 weeks of age and continue until they are 72 to 78 weeks old. During this period, they produce approximately 1 kilogram of eggs for every 2.25 kilograms of feed consumed.
Farmers manage poultry operations in several stages: brooding, growing, pullet, and layering. Layering begins when the birds are around 20 weeks old. At 18 weeks, they are moved to egg-laying facilities and given layer feed. Any unproductive or sick birds should be culled. The egg-laying period lasts up to 120 weeks, and old flocks need to be replaced to maintain steady egg production.
In Uganda, poultry farming is rapidly expanding. This growth is driven by lower production costs and increased demand for eggs. Uganda is a key player in global egg production, ranking third worldwide. Major egg-producing regions include various states, reflecting a rise in both consumption and production. Improved access to high-quality chicks, equipment, and veterinary services has fueled this growth.
Layer chickens are classified based on the color of their eggs:
| Type | Characteristics | Popular Breeds |
|---|---|---|
| White Egg Layers | Smaller size, lower feed consumption, white eggs | Isa White, Lehman White, Hi-line White |
| Brown Egg Layers | Larger size, higher feed consumption, brown eggs | Isa Brown, Lehman Brown, Hi Line Brown |
Egg production efficiency relies on proper care and management. Initially, 5% of hens will lay eggs by 20 weeks of age, increasing to 10% by 21 weeks. Peak production typically occurs between 26 and 30 weeks, with a gradual decrease afterward. Egg size and weight increase until about 50 weeks of age.
In deep litter systems, eggs should be collected five times a day, while in cage systems, collection should occur twice daily. Egg roll-out systems can facilitate retrieval. Eggs should be cleaned and refrigerated promptly to prevent bacterial contamination.
Banks offer loans with refinancing options to support poultry farming projects. Assistance covers construction costs, equipment purchases, and operational expenses. A detailed project report, including farm capacity, total project cost, and loan requirements, is necessary for securing a loan.
Before applying for a bank loan, consult with local experts and visit established farms. Prepare a scheme that includes information on land, water, electricity, and other resources. The report should outline the farm’s proposed capacity, project costs, and financial projections.
Here is a breakdown of estimated costs for a 500-bird layer farming project:
Capital Expenditure
| Item | Rate (UGX) | Estimated Cost (UGX) |
|---|---|---|
| Construction of brooder and rearing shed | 4,050/sqft | 144,000,000 |
| Poultry equipment (feeders, waterers, etc.) | 1,125/bird | 562,500,000 |
| Power, administration, unforeseen expenses | 112.50/bird | 56,250,000 |
| Electrification (4% of construction cost) | 6,075,000 | |
| Total | 788,825,000 |
Recurring Expenditure
| Item | Rate (UGX) | Estimated Cost (UGX) |
|---|---|---|
| Day-old chicks (500) | 2,025/each | 1,012,500 |
| Feed costs (Chick Mash, Grower Mash, Layer Mash) | 675/kg, 675/kg, 630/kg | 12,600,000 |
| Medicines, vaccines, litter | 202.50/bird | 101,250 |
| Total Project Cost | 14,727,750 |
Estimated revenue and profits from a 500-bird operation:
| Item | Quantity | Rate (UGX) | Revenue (UGX) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Table eggs produced | 108,100 eggs | 225/each | 24,307,500 |
| Sale of broken eggs | 15,134 eggs | 90/each | 1,362,060 |
| Sale of culled birds (470) | 1,175 kg | 3,675/kg | 4,308,750 |
| Sale of gunny bags | 335 bags | 900/each | 301,500 |
| Poultry manure | 470 birds | 67.50/each | 31,725 |
| Total Revenue | 31,311,535 |
Gross Profit: 31,311,535 – 14,727,750 = 16,583,785 UGX
Net Profit: 16,583,785 – Depreciation = 14,936,853 UGX
Layer birds are susceptible to diseases like Newcastle disease and fowl pox. Early detection and vaccination are essential. Vaccination schedules include:
| Age | Disease | Application |
|---|---|---|
| 3-4 days | Newcastle Disease | Intraocular/Intransal |
| 4 weeks | Fowl Pox | Wing Web |
| 6 weeks | Internal Parasites | Mixed with water and feed |
Eggs should be stored at 13°C and transported in insulated vehicles. Retailers should store eggs at 4-6°C. Pricing varies based on egg size and type. Marketing strategies include offering different egg varieties and maintaining proper storage conditions.
For the supply and sale of high-quality poultry and layer chickens in Uganda, contact Mic Pa Mungu Agroecological Farm in Nebbi, West Nile, Uganda at +256 773 868515 or visit mungufarm.com.